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AWS MLOps Retail Prediction Platform > Production Networking

Production Networking

🎯 Mục tiêu Task 5

Thiết lập Production VPC cho EKS deployment và public API demo (riêng biệt với SageMaker training VPC):

Production EKS Infrastructure - EKS Cluster và Pods trong private subnets
Public API Access - ALB trong public subnets cho demo endpoint /predict
High-Performance Internal Networking - VPC Endpoints cho S3/ECR access < 50ms latency
Cost Optimization - Bỏ NAT Gateway, chỉ bật ALB khi demo

⚠️ VPC Separation Strategy:

Task 4: SageMaker training dùng VPC mặc định (Quick setup) - đơn giản, tiết kiệm
Task 5: EKS production dùng VPC riêng - bảo mật, kiểm soát tốt hơn
Không conflict: 2 VPC độc lập, có thể kết nối qua VPC Peering nếu cần

🎯 Production VPC Architecture:

✅ Private Subnets: EKS Pods (secure, no direct Internet)
✅ Public Subnets: ALB only (public API demo access)
✅ Internal Communication: EKS ↔ S3 qua VPC Endpoints
✅ Demo Ready: Public API endpoint qua ALB với SSL/health checks

📥 Input

AWS Account với VPC permissions
CIDR planning: 10.0.0.0/16 (production EKS VPC)
Demo requirements: Public API access qua ALB
Task 4 completed: SageMaker training chạy trong VPC mặc định
Input từ Task 4: Task 4 (SageMaker training) — training VPC choices and requirements
Input từ Task 2: Task 2 (IAM Roles & Audit) — roles and policies required for VPC, EKS and ECR access

Cost Analysis: Demo-Ready Setup

Component	Cost	Purpose	Demo Impact
VPC/Subnets	FREE	Core networking	Always on
Internet Gateway	FREE	ALB public access	Always on
ALB	$0.0225/hour	Public API endpoint	Only when demo
S3 VPC Endpoint	FREE	Model/data access	Always on
ECR VPC Endpoint	$7.2/month	Container images	Always on
CloudWatch VPC Endpoint	$7.2/month	Monitoring	Always on

Monthly Cost: ~$14.4 + ALB usage = $14.4 base + $0.02/hour demo

Tiết kiệm: ~$7.2/month so với full MLOps VPC (không cần SageMaker VPC endpoint)

Demo Cost: Chỉ ~$16/month nếu demo 24/7, hoặc ~$1.6 nếu demo 3 hours/day

1. Hybrid VPC Infrastructure Setup

1.1. Tạo VPC qua Console

Truy cập VPC Dashboard:
- AWS Console → VPC service → “Create VPC”

Create VPC Console

VPC Configuration:

VPC Name: mlops-retail-forecast-hybrid-vpc
IPv4 CIDR: 10.0.0.0/16
IPv6 CIDR: No IPv6 CIDR block
Tenancy: Default
Enable DNS hostnames: ✅ (Required for VPC Endpoints)
Enable DNS resolution: ✅ (Required for VPC Endpoints)

VPC Configuration

1.2. Tạo Subnets

Public Subnets (ALB Only):
- Navigate to “Subnets” → “Create subnet”

Public Subnet 1 (ap-southeast-1a):

   Name: mlops-hybrid-public-alb-ap-southeast-1a
   Availability Zone: ap-southeast-1a
   IPv4 CIDR: 10.0.1.0/24
   Purpose: ALB + Internet Gateway access

Public Subnet 2 (ap-southeast-1b):

   Name: mlops-hybrid-public-alb-ap-southeast-1b
   Availability Zone: ap-southeast-1b
   IPv4 CIDR: 10.0.2.0/24
   Purpose: ALB + Internet Gateway access

Create Public Subnets

Private Subnets (EKS Production):

Private Subnet 1 (ap-southeast-1a):

   Name: mlops-eks-private-workloads-ap-southeast-1a
   Availability Zone: ap-southeast-1a
   IPv4 CIDR: 10.0.101.0/24
   Purpose: EKS API Pods

Private Subnet 2 (ap-southeast-1b):

   Name: mlops-eks-private-workloads-ap-southeast-1b
   Availability Zone: ap-southeast-1b
   IPv4 CIDR: 10.0.102.0/24
   Purpose: EKS API Pods

Create Private Subnets

1.3. Internet Gateway Setup

Tạo Internet Gateway:
- “Internet Gateways” → “Create internet gateway”
```
Name: mlops-hybrid-igw
Purpose: Public access for ALB demo endpoint
```

Internet Gateway Setup

Attach to VPC:
- Select Internet Gateway → “Actions” → “Attach to VPC”
- Select: mlops-retail-forecast-hybrid-vpc

Attach IGW to VPC

1.4. Route Tables Configuration

1.4.1. Public Route Table (ALB Traffic)

Create Public Route Table:

Name: mlops-hybrid-public-alb-rt
VPC: mlops-retail-forecast-hybrid-vpc
Purpose: Route Internet traffic to ALB

Public Route Table

Add Internet Gateway Route:
- Add route: 0.0.0.0/0 → Internet Gateway (mlops-hybrid-igw)

Public Route Configuration

Associate Public Subnets:
- Associate both ALB public subnets

Associate Public Subnets

1.4.2. Private Route Table (Secure Workloads)

Create Private Route Table:

Name: mlops-hybrid-private-workloads-rt
VPC: mlops-retail-forecast-hybrid-vpc
Purpose: VPC Endpoints access only (no Internet)

Keep Default Local Routes:
- Only local VPC route: 10.0.0.0/16 → local
- NO Internet Gateway route (security)
- VPC Endpoints will provide AWS services access
Associate Private Subnets:
- Associate both workload private subnets

Private Route Table

1.5. Security Groups Setup (Layered Security)

1.5.1. ALB Security Group (Public Internet Access)

Basic Details:

Security group name: mlops-hybrid-alb-sg
Description: Security group for ALB public API demo access
VPC: mlops-retail-forecast-hybrid-vpc

Inbound Rules (Public Demo Access):
- Rule 1: HTTP (80) from 0.0.0.0/0 (redirect to HTTPS)
- Rule 2: HTTPS (443) from 0.0.0.0/0 (secure API demo)
Outbound Rules:
- Rule: All traffic to EKS Security Group (ALB → EKS communication)

ALB Security Group Basic

1.5.2. EKS Worker Nodes Security Group (Private Workloads)

Basic Details:

Security group name: mlops-hybrid-eks-nodes-sg
Description: Security group for EKS worker nodes in private subnets
VPC: mlops-retail-forecast-hybrid-vpc

Inbound Rules (Controlled Access):
- Rule 1: HTTP (80) from ALB Security Group (API traffic)
- Rule 2: HTTPS (443) from ALB Security Group (secure API traffic)
- Rule 3: All Traffic from self (inter-node communication)
- Rule 4: All Traffic from EKS Control Plane SG (cluster management)
Outbound Rules:
- Rule 1: HTTPS (443) to VPC Endpoints SG (AWS services access)
- Rule 2: All Traffic to self (inter-node communication)

EKS Nodes Security Group

1.5.3. EKS Control Plane Security Group

Basic Details:

Security group name: mlops-hybrid-eks-control-plane-sg
Description: Security group for EKS control plane
VPC: mlops-retail-forecast-hybrid-vpc

Inbound Rules:
- Rule: HTTPS (443) from EKS Nodes SG (cluster API access)
Outbound Rules:
- Rule: All Traffic to EKS Nodes SG (cluster management)

EKS Control Plane Security Group

1.5.4. VPC Endpoints Security Group (AWS Services Access)

Basic Details:

Security group name: mlops-hybrid-vpc-endpoints-sg
Description: Security group for VPC endpoints (S3, ECR, SageMaker)
VPC: mlops-retail-forecast-hybrid-vpc

Inbound Rules (Internal Access Only):
- Rule 1: HTTPS (443) from EKS Nodes SG (EKS → AWS services)
- Rule 2: HTTPS (443) from SageMaker SG (SageMaker → S3/ECR)
- Rule 3: HTTPS (443) from VPC CIDR (10.0.0.0/16) - fallback

VPC Endpoints Inbound Rules

🎯 Security Groups Complete!

4 Security Groups Created:

ALB SG: Public Internet access (80/443)
EKS Nodes SG: Private workloads
EKS Control Plane SG: Cluster management
VPC Endpoints SG: AWS services access

Note: SageMaker sẽ dùng default SG trong VPC mặc định (Task 4)

1.6. Enable Auto-assign Public IP for ALB Subnets

Important for ALB functionality:

Navigate to Public Subnets:
- VPC Dashboard → Subnets
Enable Auto-assign Public IP:
- Select each public subnet
- Actions → “Modify auto-assign IP settings”
- ✅ Enable auto-assign public IPv4 address

Auto-assign Public IP

⚠️ Critical for ALB: Public subnets must have auto-assign public IP enabled, otherwise ALB creation will fail.

1.7. Console Setup Complete

Security Groups Overview VPC Resource Map

🎯 Hybrid VPC Console Setup Complete!

Security Architecture:

Layer 1: Internet → ALB (80/443 from 0.0.0.0/0)
Layer 2: ALB → EKS Nodes (controlled access)
Layer 3: EKS → VPC Endpoints (AWS services only)
Layer 4: Private subnets completely isolated from Internet

Demo Ready: ALB can accept public traffic and route to private EKS API pods

2. VPC Endpoints for High-Performance Internal Networking

Bước này BẮT BUỘC phải làm để đảm bảo EKS ↔ S3 ↔ SageMaker latency < 50ms:

2.1. S3 Gateway Endpoint (FREE - Model/Data Access)

Create S3 Gateway Endpoint:

VPC Dashboard → “Endpoints” → “Create endpoint”

Endpoint name: mlops-hybrid-s3-gateway-endpoint
Service: com.amazonaws.ap-southeast-1.s3
Type: Gateway
VPC: mlops-retail-forecast-hybrid-vpc
Route Tables: mlops-hybrid-private-workloads-rt
Policy: Full Access (demo purposes)

S3 Endpoint Configuration

Purpose: EKS Pods load model artifacts từ S3 < 50ms latency

2.2. ECR API Interface Endpoint (Container Images)

Create ECR API Endpoint:

Endpoint name: mlops-hybrid-ecr-api-endpoint
Service: com.amazonaws.ap-southeast-1.ecr.api
Type: Interface
VPC: mlops-retail-forecast-hybrid-vpc
Subnets: Both private workload subnets
Security Groups: mlops-hybrid-vpc-endpoints-sg
Private DNS: ✅ Enabled

ECR API Endpoint ECR API Configuration

Purpose: EKS pull container images từ ECR repository

2.3. ECR DKR Interface Endpoint (Docker Registry)

Create ECR DKR Endpoint:

Endpoint name: mlops-hybrid-ecr-dkr-endpoint
Service: com.amazonaws.ap-southeast-1.ecr.dkr
Type: Interface
VPC: mlops-retail-forecast-hybrid-vpc
Subnets: Both private workload subnets
Security Groups: mlops-hybrid-vpc-endpoints-sg
Private DNS: ✅ Enabled

ECR DKR Endpoint

Purpose: Docker layer downloads cho EKS container runtime

2.4. CloudWatch Logs Interface Endpoint

Create CloudWatch Logs Endpoint:

Endpoint name: mlops-hybrid-logs-endpoint
Service: com.amazonaws.ap-southeast-1.logs
Type: Interface
VPC: mlops-retail-forecast-hybrid-vpc
Subnets: Both private workload subnets
Security Groups: mlops-hybrid-vpc-endpoints-sg
Private DNS: ✅ Enabled

CloudWatch Logs Endpoint

Purpose: Monitoring and logging cho EKS/SageMaker workloads

2.5. VPC Endpoints Verification

VPC Endpoints Overview

Expected Results:

S3 Gateway: Route added to private route table automatically
3x Interface Endpoints: ENI created in each private subnet
Private DNS: All endpoints resolvable via internal DNS

🎯 VPC Endpoints Complete!

High-Performance Internal Network:

EKS ↔ S3: < 50ms (Gateway Endpoint)
EKS ↔ ECR: < 50ms (Interface Endpoints)
EKS ↔ CloudWatch: < 50ms (Logs Endpoint)
No Internet dependency for AWS services

Cost Optimized: ~$7.2/month tiết kiệm (không cần SageMaker VPC Endpoint)

3. Application Load Balancer Setup (Public API Demo)

3.1. Create Application Load Balancer

Navigate to Load Balancers:
- EC2 Dashboard → Load Balancers → “Create load balancer”

ALB Configuration:

Name: mlops-hybrid-api-demo-alb
Scheme: Internet-facing
IP address type: IPv4
VPC: mlops-retail-forecast-hybrid-vpc
Mappings: Both public ALB subnets
Security groups: mlops-hybrid-alb-sg

ALB Basic Configuration ALB Network Configuration

3.2. Create Target Group for EKS API

Target Group Configuration:

Target type: IP addresses
Target group name: mlops-hybrid-eks-api-tg
Protocol: HTTP
Port: 80
VPC: mlops-retail-forecast-hybrid-vpc
Health check path: /health
Health check port: 80

Target Group Configuration

Health Check Settings:

Health check protocol: HTTP
Health check path: /health
Health check port: 80
Healthy threshold: 2
Unhealthy threshold: 2
Timeout: 5 seconds
Interval: 30 seconds
Success codes: 200

Health Check Settings

3.3. Configure ALB Listeners

HTTP Listener (Redirect to HTTPS):

Protocol: HTTP
Port: 80
Default action: Redirect to HTTPS

HTTPS Listener (API Traffic):

Protocol: HTTPS
Port: 443
Default action: Forward to target group
SSL certificate: ACM certificate (hoặc self-signed for demo)

ALB Listeners Configuration

💡 SSL Certificate Options:

Production: Use AWS Certificate Manager (ACM) với domain
Demo: Create self-signed certificate or use HTTP only
Development: Skip SSL, use HTTP listener only

3.4. ALB Creation Complete

ALB Creation Complete

ALB DNS Name: Will be used for public API demo access

Example: mlops-hybrid-api-demo-alb-1234567890.ap-southeast-1.elb.amazonaws.com

🎯 ALB Setup Complete!

Public Demo Access Ready:

HTTP/HTTPS endpoints configured
Target group ready for EKS API pods
Health checks configured
Multi-AZ availability

4. Advanced Configuration & Integration

4.1. VPC Flow Logs

# Enable VPC Flow Logs for security monitoring
aws ec2 create-flow-logs \
  --resource-type VPC \
  --resource-ids vpc-xxxxxxxxx \
  --traffic-type ALL \
  --log-destination-type cloud-watch-logs \
  --log-group-name VPCFlowLogs \
  --deliver-logs-permission-arn arn:aws:iam::ACCOUNT:role/flowlogsRole

4.2. Network Performance Testing

Test EKS ↔ S3 Latency:

# From EKS Pod (after cluster setup)
kubectl run test-pod --image=amazonlinux --restart=Never -- sleep 3600
kubectl exec -it test-pod -- bash

# Inside pod
yum install -y awscli
time aws s3 ls s3://your-model-bucket/
# Expected: < 50ms for VPC Endpoint

Test ALB ↔ EKS Connectivity:

# Test from outside VPC
curl -I http://your-alb-dns-name/health
# Expected: HTTP 200 OK when EKS API is running

4.3. Cost Monitoring Setup

CloudWatch Cost Alarms:

# Create cost alarm for VPC Endpoints
aws cloudwatch put-metric-alarm \
  --alarm-name "VPC-Endpoints-Cost-Alert" \
  --alarm-description "Alert when VPC Endpoints cost > $30/month" \
  --metric-name EstimatedCharges \
  --namespace AWS/Billing \
  --statistic Maximum \
  --period 86400 \
  --threshold 30 \
  --comparison-operator GreaterThanThreshold \
  --dimensions Name=Currency,Value=USD Name=ServiceName,Value=AmazonVPC

5. Terraform Outputs

💡 Khi nào cần Terraform outputs:

✅ Task 7-10 sẽ dùng Terraform (EKS cluster, ALB controller)
✅ Cần automated deployment across environments
✅ Want to reference infrastructure programmatically

Nếu Task 7-10 dùng Console: Skip phần này hoàn toàn!

5.1. Data Sources (Reference Console-created Resources)

File: aws/infra/vpc-data-sources.tf

# Reference VPC infrastructure từ Console
data "aws_vpc" "hybrid" {
  filter {
    name   = "tag:Name"
    values = ["mlops-retail-forecast-hybrid-vpc"]
  }
}

# Public subnets (ALB)
data "aws_subnets" "public_alb" {
  filter {
    name   = "vpc-id"
    values = [data.aws_vpc.hybrid.id]
  }
  filter {
    name   = "tag:Name"
    values = ["*public-alb*"]
  }
}

# Private subnets (EKS + SageMaker)
data "aws_subnets" "private_workloads" {
  filter {
    name   = "vpc-id"
    values = [data.aws_vpc.hybrid.id]
  }
  filter {
    name   = "tag:Name"
    values = ["*private-workloads*"]
  }
}

# Security Groups
data "aws_security_group" "alb" {
  filter {
    name   = "tag:Name"
    values = ["mlops-hybrid-alb-sg"]
  }
}

data "aws_security_group" "eks_nodes" {
  filter {
    name   = "tag:Name"
    values = ["mlops-hybrid-eks-nodes-sg"]
  }
}

data "aws_security_group" "eks_control_plane" {
  filter {
    name   = "tag:Name"
    values = ["mlops-hybrid-eks-control-plane-sg"]
  }
}

# ALB
data "aws_lb" "api_demo" {
  name = "mlops-hybrid-api-demo-alb"
}

data "aws_lb_target_group" "eks_api" {
  name = "mlops-hybrid-eks-api-tg"
}

# VPC Endpoints
data "aws_vpc_endpoint" "s3" {
  vpc_id       = data.aws_vpc.hybrid.id
  service_name = "com.amazonaws.ap-southeast-1.s3"
}

data "aws_vpc_endpoint" "ecr_api" {
  vpc_id       = data.aws_vpc.hybrid.id
  service_name = "com.amazonaws.ap-southeast-1.ecr.api"
}

data "aws_vpc_endpoint" "ecr_dkr" {
  vpc_id       = data.aws_vpc.hybrid.id
  service_name = "com.amazonaws.ap-southeast-1.ecr.dkr"
}

data "aws_vpc_endpoint" "sagemaker_runtime" {
  vpc_id       = data.aws_vpc.hybrid.id
  service_name = "com.amazonaws.ap-southeast-1.sagemaker.runtime"
}

5.2. Outputs for EKS/ALB Integration

File: aws/infra/networking-outputs.tf

# VPC Information
output "vpc_id" {
  description = "Hybrid VPC ID"
  value       = data.aws_vpc.hybrid.id
}

output "vpc_cidr_block" {
  description = "VPC CIDR block"
  value       = data.aws_vpc.hybrid.cidr_block
}

# Subnet Information
output "public_alb_subnet_ids" {
  description = "Public subnet IDs for ALB"
  value       = data.aws_subnets.public_alb.ids
}

output "private_workload_subnet_ids" {
  description = "Private subnet IDs for EKS and SageMaker"
  value       = data.aws_subnets.private_workloads.ids
}

# Security Group Information
output "alb_security_group_id" {
  description = "ALB Security Group ID"
  value       = data.aws_security_group.alb.id
}

output "eks_nodes_security_group_id" {
  description = "EKS Nodes Security Group ID"
  value       = data.aws_security_group.eks_nodes.id
}

output "eks_control_plane_security_group_id" {
  description = "EKS Control Plane Security Group ID"
  value       = data.aws_security_group.eks_control_plane.id
}

# ALB Information
output "alb_arn" {
  description = "ALB ARN for API demo"
  value       = data.aws_lb.api_demo.arn
}

output "alb_dns_name" {
  description = "ALB DNS name for public API access"
  value       = data.aws_lb.api_demo.dns_name
}

output "alb_zone_id" {
  description = "ALB Zone ID for Route53 integration"
  value       = data.aws_lb.api_demo.zone_id
}

output "eks_api_target_group_arn" {
  description = "Target group ARN for EKS API pods"
  value       = data.aws_lb_target_group.eks_api.arn
}

# VPC Endpoints Information
output "s3_vpc_endpoint_id" {
  description = "S3 VPC Endpoint ID"
  value       = data.aws_vpc_endpoint.s3.id
}

output "ecr_api_vpc_endpoint_id" {
  description = "ECR API VPC Endpoint ID"
  value       = data.aws_vpc_endpoint.ecr_api.id
}

output "sagemaker_runtime_vpc_endpoint_id" {
  description = "SageMaker Runtime VPC Endpoint ID"
  value       = data.aws_vpc_endpoint.sagemaker_runtime.id
}

# Demo Configuration
output "api_demo_config" {
  description = "Configuration for API demo"
  value = {
    public_endpoint = "https://${data.aws_lb.api_demo.dns_name}"
    health_check    = "https://${data.aws_lb.api_demo.dns_name}/health"
    predict_endpoint = "https://${data.aws_lb.api_demo.dns_name}/predict"
  }
}

5.3. Deploy Terraform Outputs

# Navigate to infrastructure directory
cd aws/infra

# Initialize Terraform
terraform init

# Plan (should show 0 resources to create, only data sources)
terraform plan

# Apply outputs
terraform apply -auto-approve

# Verify outputs
terraform output api_demo_config

Expected output:

{
  "health_check" = "https://mlops-hybrid-api-demo-alb-123456789.ap-southeast-1.elb.amazonaws.com/health"
  "predict_endpoint" = "https://mlops-hybrid-api-demo-alb-123456789.ap-southeast-1.elb.amazonaws.com/predict"
  "public_endpoint" = "https://mlops-hybrid-api-demo-alb-123456789.ap-southeast-1.elb.amazonaws.com"
}

6. Verification & Performance Testing

6.1. Network Architecture Verification

Verify Hybrid VPC Setup:

# Check VPC configuration
aws ec2 describe-vpcs \
  --filters "Name=tag:Name,Values=mlops-retail-forecast-hybrid-vpc" \
  --query 'Vpcs[0].{VpcId:VpcId,CidrBlock:CidrBlock,State:State}'

# Verify subnets
aws ec2 describe-subnets \
  --filters "Name=vpc-id,Values=$(aws ec2 describe-vpcs --filters 'Name=tag:Name,Values=mlops-retail-forecast-hybrid-vpc' --query 'Vpcs[0].VpcId' --output text)" \
  --query 'Subnets[*].{Name:Tags[?Key==`Name`].Value|[0],CIDR:CidrBlock,AZ:AvailabilityZone,Type:MapPublicIpOnLaunch}'

Verify Security Groups:

# List all security groups for the VPC
aws ec2 describe-security-groups \
  --filters "Name=vpc-id,Values=$(terraform output -raw vpc_id)" \
  --query 'SecurityGroups[*].{Name:GroupName,ID:GroupId,Description:Description}' \
  --output table

6.2. VPC Endpoints Testing

Test S3 VPC Endpoint (after EKS setup):

# From EKS pod
kubectl run network-test --image=amazonlinux --restart=Never -- sleep 3600
kubectl exec -it network-test -- bash

# Test S3 access via VPC endpoint
yum update -y && yum install -y awscli curl time
time aws s3 ls s3://your-model-bucket/ --region ap-southeast-1
# Expected: < 50ms response time

# Test ECR access
time aws ecr get-login-token --region ap-southeast-1
# Expected: < 100ms response time

Verify VPC Endpoint DNS Resolution:

# Inside EKS pod
nslookup s3.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com
nslookup api.ecr.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com
nslookup runtime.sagemaker.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com
# Should resolve to private IP addresses (10.0.x.x)

6.3. ALB Demo Testing

Test ALB Public Access:

# Get ALB DNS name
ALB_DNS=$(aws elbv2 describe-load-balancers \
  --names mlops-hybrid-api-demo-alb \
  --query 'LoadBalancers[0].DNSName' \
  --output text)

echo "ALB DNS: $ALB_DNS"

# Test connectivity (will show 503 until EKS API is deployed)
curl -I http://$ALB_DNS/
# Expected: Connection successful (503 Service Unavailable is normal without backend)

Verify Target Group (after EKS deployment):

# Check target group health
aws elbv2 describe-target-health \
  --target-group-arn $(aws elbv2 describe-target-groups \
    --names mlops-hybrid-eks-api-tg \
    --query 'TargetGroups[0].TargetGroupArn' --output text)

6.4. Cost Monitoring

Monthly Cost Breakdown:

# Check VPC Endpoints cost (should be ~$21.6/month)
aws ce get-cost-and-usage \
  --time-period Start=2024-01-01,End=2024-01-31 \
  --granularity MONTHLY \
  --metrics BlendedCost \
  --group-by Type=DIMENSION,Key=SERVICE \
  --filter '{"Dimensions":{"Key":"SERVICE","Values":["Amazon Virtual Private Cloud"]}}'

7. Troubleshooting & Common Issues

7.1. VPC Endpoints Issues

Problem: EKS pods can’t access S3

# Solution 1: Check route table
aws ec2 describe-route-tables \
  --filters "Name=tag:Name,Values=mlops-hybrid-private-workloads-rt" \
  --query 'RouteTables[0].Routes'
# Should see route to S3 endpoint

# Solution 2: Check security group
aws ec2 describe-security-groups \
  --group-names mlops-hybrid-vpc-endpoints-sg \
  --query 'SecurityGroups[0].IpPermissions'
# Should allow HTTPS 443 from 10.0.0.0/16

Problem: Interface endpoint DNS not resolving

# Check private DNS is enabled
aws ec2 describe-vpc-endpoints \
  --filters "Name=vpc-id,Values=$(terraform output -raw vpc_id)" \
  --query 'VpcEndpoints[*].{Service:ServiceName,PrivateDnsEnabled:PrivateDnsEnabled}'

7.2. ALB Issues

Problem: ALB not accessible from Internet

# Check Internet Gateway attached
aws ec2 describe-internet-gateways \
  --filters "Name=attachment.vpc-id,Values=$(terraform output -raw vpc_id)"

# Check public subnet route table
aws ec2 describe-route-tables \
  --filters "Name=tag:Name,Values=mlops-hybrid-public-alb-rt" \
  --query 'RouteTables[0].Routes'
# Should have 0.0.0.0/0 → Internet Gateway

Problem: ALB can’t reach EKS targets

# Check security group rules
aws ec2 describe-security-groups \
  --group-names mlops-hybrid-eks-nodes-sg \
  --query 'SecurityGroups[0].IpPermissions[?IpProtocol==`tcp` && FromPort==`80`]'
# Should allow port 80 from ALB security group

7.3. Performance Issues

Problem: High latency EKS ↔ S3

# Verify using VPC endpoint
kubectl exec -it network-test -- traceroute s3.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com
# Should not go through Internet (no public IPs in trace)

# Check VPC endpoint policy
aws ec2 describe-vpc-endpoints \
  --filters "Name=service-name,Values=com.amazonaws.ap-southeast-1.s3" \
  --query 'VpcEndpoints[0].PolicyDocument'

👉 Kết quả Task 5

✅ Hybrid VPC Architecture - Public ALB + Private workloads security model
✅ Public API Demo Ready - ALB configured cho demo endpoint /predict
✅ High-Performance Internal - VPC Endpoints < 50ms latency EKS ↔ S3
✅ Cost Optimized - $21.6/month base + $0.02/hour ALB demo usage
✅ Production Security - Layered security groups, no Internet access for workloads

Architecture Delivered

✅ Hybrid VPC Foundation:
   - Public Subnets: ALB demo access (Internet facing)
   - Private Subnets: EKS + SageMaker (secure, no Internet)
   - Multi-AZ: High availability for API demo

✅ Public Demo Capability:
   - ALB: Public endpoint for API demo
   - Target Groups: Ready for EKS API pods
   - SSL/Health checks: Production-ready demo

✅ High-Performance Internal Network:
   - S3 Gateway Endpoint: FREE, < 50ms model access
   - ECR Interface Endpoints: Fast container pulls
   - SageMaker Runtime Endpoint: Low-latency inference

✅ Security Architecture:
   Internet → ALB SG → EKS SG → VPC Endpoints SG
   (Layered access control)

🎯 Task 5 Complete - Demo-Ready Hybrid VPC!

Public Access: ALB provides secure public API demo endpoint
Private Security: EKS/SageMaker workloads completely isolated
High Performance: < 50ms internal AWS services latency
Cost Efficient: $21.6 base + demo usage only when needed
Production Ready: SSL, health checks, multi-AZ availability

🚀 Next Steps:

Task 6: ECR container registry cho API container images
Task 7: EKS cluster deployment trong private subnets
Task 8: EKS node groups với auto-scaling
Task 10: Deploy API service với ALB integration
Task 11: ALB ingress controller configuration

Demo Commands Ready:

# Public API demo endpoint (after deployment)
curl https://your-alb-dns/predict -d '{"data": "your-input"}'

# Health check endpoint
curl https://your-alb-dns/health

📊 Performance Benchmarks Achieved:

EKS ↔ S3 Latency: < 50ms (VPC Gateway Endpoint)
EKS ↔ ECR Latency: < 100ms (Interface Endpoints)
ALB ↔ EKS Latency: < 10ms (same VPC)
Internet ↔ ALB: Standard Internet latency
Cost: $21.6/month base + $0.02/hour demo usage
Availability: Multi-AZ (99.99% SLA)

Next Step: Task 6: ECR Container Registry

🚀 Next Steps:

Task 3: IAM Roles & IRSA sử dụng VPC infrastructure
Task 4: EKS cluster deployment với VPC Endpoints integration
Task 5: EKS managed node groups trong cost-optimized private subnets

8. Clean Up Resources (AWS CLI)

8.1. Xóa Application Load Balancer và Target Groups

# Liệt kê ALB
aws elbv2 describe-load-balancers --names mlops-hybrid-api-demo-alb --query 'LoadBalancers[*].[LoadBalancerArn,DNSName]' --output table

# Xóa ALB (tự động xóa listeners)
aws elbv2 delete-load-balancer --load-balancer-arn <alb-arn>

# Xóa Target Groups
aws elbv2 describe-target-groups --names mlops-hybrid-eks-api-tg --query 'TargetGroups[*].TargetGroupArn' --output text | xargs -I {} aws elbv2 delete-target-group --target-group-arn {}

8.2. Xóa VPC Endpoints

# Liệt kê VPC Endpoints
aws ec2 describe-vpc-endpoints --filters "Name=vpc-id,Values=<vpc-id>" --query 'VpcEndpoints[*].[VpcEndpointId,ServiceName]' --output table

# Xóa Interface Endpoints (ECR, CloudWatch Logs)
aws ec2 delete-vpc-endpoints --vpc-endpoint-ids <ecr-api-endpoint-id> <ecr-dkr-endpoint-id> <logs-endpoint-id>

# Xóa Gateway Endpoint (S3)
aws ec2 delete-vpc-endpoints --vpc-endpoint-ids <s3-gateway-endpoint-id>

8.3. Xóa Security Groups

# Liệt kê Security Groups (trừ default)
aws ec2 describe-security-groups --filters "Name=vpc-id,Values=<vpc-id>" --query 'SecurityGroups[?GroupName!=`default`].[GroupId,GroupName]' --output table

# Xóa Security Groups (theo thứ tự ngược dependency)
aws ec2 delete-security-group --group-id <vpc-endpoints-sg-id>
aws ec2 delete-security-group --group-id <eks-control-plane-sg-id>
aws ec2 delete-security-group --group-id <eks-nodes-sg-id>
aws ec2 delete-security-group --group-id <alb-sg-id>

8.4. Xóa Subnets và Route Tables

# Liệt kê Route Tables (trừ main)
aws ec2 describe-route-tables --filters "Name=vpc-id,Values=<vpc-id>" --query 'RouteTables[?Associations[0].Main!=`true`].[RouteTableId,Tags[0].Value]' --output table

# Xóa Route Tables
aws ec2 delete-route-table --route-table-id <public-rt-id>
aws ec2 delete-route-table --route-table-id <private-rt-id>

# Liệt kê Subnets
aws ec2 describe-subnets --filters "Name=vpc-id,Values=<vpc-id>" --query 'Subnets[*].[SubnetId,Tags[0].Value,CidrBlock]' --output table

# Xóa Subnets
aws ec2 delete-subnet --subnet-id <public-subnet-1a-id>
aws ec2 delete-subnet --subnet-id <public-subnet-1b-id>
aws ec2 delete-subnet --subnet-id <private-subnet-1a-id>
aws ec2 delete-subnet --subnet-id <private-subnet-1b-id>

8.5. Xóa Internet Gateway và VPC

# Detach và xóa Internet Gateway
aws ec2 describe-internet-gateways --filters "Name=attachment.vpc-id,Values=<vpc-id>" --query 'InternetGateways[*].InternetGatewayId' --output text | xargs -I {} aws ec2 detach-internet-gateway --internet-gateway-id {} --vpc-id <vpc-id>

aws ec2 delete-internet-gateway --internet-gateway-id <igw-id>

# Xóa VPC (cuối cùng)
aws ec2 delete-vpc --vpc-id <vpc-id>

# Verify clean up
aws ec2 describe-vpcs --vpc-ids <vpc-id>

8.6. Clean Up Helper Script

#!/bin/bash
# vpc-cleanup.sh

VPC_ID="vpc-xxxxxxxxx"  # Thay bằng VPC ID thực tế

echo "🧹 Cleaning up VPC resources for $VPC_ID..."

# 1. Xóa ALB và Target Groups
echo "Deleting ALB..."
ALB_ARN=$(aws elbv2 describe-load-balancers --names mlops-hybrid-api-demo-alb --query 'LoadBalancers[0].LoadBalancerArn' --output text 2>/dev/null)
if [ "$ALB_ARN" != "None" ] && [ ! -z "$ALB_ARN" ]; then
    aws elbv2 delete-load-balancer --load-balancer-arn $ALB_ARN
    echo "ALB deleted: $ALB_ARN"
fi

# 2. Xóa VPC Endpoints
echo "Deleting VPC Endpoints..."
ENDPOINTS=$(aws ec2 describe-vpc-endpoints --filters "Name=vpc-id,Values=$VPC_ID" --query 'VpcEndpoints[*].VpcEndpointId' --output text)
for endpoint in $ENDPOINTS; do
    aws ec2 delete-vpc-endpoints --vpc-endpoint-ids $endpoint
    echo "VPC Endpoint deleted: $endpoint"
done

# 3. Đợi resources được xóa
echo "Waiting for resources to be deleted..."
sleep 60

# 4. Xóa Security Groups
echo "Deleting Security Groups..."
SECURITY_GROUPS=$(aws ec2 describe-security-groups --filters "Name=vpc-id,Values=$VPC_ID" --query 'SecurityGroups[?GroupName!=`default`].GroupId' --output text)
for sg in $SECURITY_GROUPS; do
    aws ec2 delete-security-group --group-id $sg 2>/dev/null
    echo "Security Group deleted: $sg"
done

echo "✅ VPC cleanup completed for $VPC_ID"

9. Bảng giá VPC và Networking (ap-southeast-1)

9.1. Chi phí VPC Core Components

Component	Giá (USD)	Ghi chú
VPC	Free	Unlimited VPCs
Subnets	Free	Unlimited subnets
Route Tables	Free	Routing configuration
Internet Gateway	Free	One per VPC
Security Groups	Free	Firewall rules

9.2. Chi phí VPC Endpoints

Endpoint Type	Giá (USD/hour)	Giá (USD/month)	Data Transfer
Gateway Endpoint (S3)	Free	Free	Free
Interface Endpoint	$0.01	$7.2	$0.01/GB
PrivateLink Endpoint	$0.01	$7.2	$0.01/GB

Chi phí VPC Endpoints cho Task 5:

S3 Gateway: Free
ECR API Interface: $7.2/month
ECR DKR Interface: $7.2/month
CloudWatch Logs Interface: $7.2/month
Tổng: $21.6/month

9.3. Chi phí Application Load Balancer

Component	Giá (USD/hour)	Giá (USD/month)	Ghi chú
ALB Fixed Cost	$0.0225	$16.2	Always running
LCU (Load Balancer Capacity Unit)	$0.008	$5.76	Per LCU-hour
Rule Evaluations	$0.008	$5.76	Per million requests

Ước tính ALB chi phí:

Base ALB: $16.2/month
1 LCU (basic usage): $5.76/month
Total ALB: ~$22/month continuous

9.4. Chi phí NAT Gateway (Không dùng trong Task 5)

Component	Giá (USD/hour)	Giá (USD/month)	Data Transfer
NAT Gateway	$0.045	$32.4	$0.045/GB
Data Processing			$0.045/GB

Tiết kiệm: $32.4/month bằng cách dùng VPC Endpoints thay NAT Gateway

9.5. Data Transfer Pricing

Transfer Type	Giá (USD/GB)	Ghi chú
VPC Internal	Free	Same AZ
Cross-AZ	$0.01	Different AZ trong region
VPC Endpoints	$0.01	Interface endpoints
Internet OUT	$0.12	First 1GB free/month
S3 Transfer	Free	Via Gateway endpoint

9.6. Ước tính tổng chi phí Task 5

Monthly Baseline Cost:

Component	Monthly Cost	Purpose
VPC + Subnets + IGW	$0	Core networking
VPC Endpoints (3x Interface)	$21.6	ECR + CloudWatch
S3 Gateway Endpoint	$0	Model access
Subtotal	$21.6	Always running

Demo Usage Cost:

Usage Pattern	ALB Cost	Total Cost	Use Case
Development (8h/day)	$5.4/month	$27/month	Daily development
Demo only (3h/day)	$2.0/month	$23.6/month	Presentation demos
Production (24/7)	$22/month	$43.6/month	Live production
Testing (1h/day)	$0.7/month	$22.3/month	Occasional testing

9.7. Cost Comparison với Traditional Setup

Task 5 (VPC Endpoints) vs Traditional (NAT Gateway):

Architecture	Monthly Cost	Performance	Security
VPC Endpoints	$21.6	< 50ms latency	Private network
NAT Gateway	$32.4 + data	Variable	Internet routing
Savings	-$10.8	Better	Higher

9.8. Cost Optimization Tips

Immediate Savings:

✅ Use S3 Gateway Endpoint (Free thay vì $7.2/month Interface)
✅ Skip NAT Gateway (-$32.4/month)
✅ Turn off ALB khi không demo (-$22/month)

Long-term Optimization:

Use Spot instances cho EKS nodes (60-70% savings)
S3 Intelligent Tiering cho model storage
CloudWatch Logs retention policy (7-30 days)

Demo Cost Management:

# Bật ALB chỉ khi demo
aws elbv2 create-load-balancer --name demo-alb --type application

# Tắt ALB sau demo  
aws elbv2 delete-load-balancer --load-balancer-arn <arn>

💰 Cost Summary cho Task 5:

Baseline: $21.6/month (VPC Endpoints, always on)
Demo usage: $0.02/hour ALB (chỉ khi cần)
Savings: $10.8/month so với NAT Gateway approach
Performance: < 50ms internal latency guaranteed

Console-created resources sẵn sàng cho subsequent tasks:

VPC ID, subnet IDs cho EKS cluster creation
Security Group IDs cho EKS và ALB configuration
VPC Endpoint IDs cho cost-optimized AWS services access

Next Step: Task 06: ERC Registry